Urethral strictures involve scarring of tissue in the urethra and restricts or obstructs the flow of urine. Narrowing or a block in the urethra arises due to trauma, damage to the urethral lining from previous surgeries, inflammation of the urethra, urethral infection, cancer of the urethra or prostrate. Symptoms of urethral strictures are very serious and can be devastating to the patient.

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Cartilage is the main type of connective tissue in the body which is tough and flexible. Around 65–80% of cartilage is water and the rest is a gel-like substance called the ‘matrix’ that gives it its form and function. Cartilage is mostly found in the joints like shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle as well as in the rib cage, ear, nose, throat and, between vertebral disks.

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